Mobility within cities is the lifeblood of the city as it fuels most of its social, economic and political lives, and mobility in general is a pillar of sustainable urban development.
In France, as in most Western countries, three historical stages in the development of urban transport policy can be identified:
Stage I: is associated with a rapid growth in car ownership and use and the provision of high capacity urban roads and car parking.
Stage II: is improving high-capacity public transport systems, in response to concerns about negative environmental issues.
Stage III: is switching in emphasis on urban livability and quality of life improving, resulting in decreasing car use and space provision, and more use of sustainable transport modes more ecological friendly.
The main objective of this study is to demonstrate how at least the "Stage I" cities can avoid investing in major road infrastructure in the central and inner regions of the city which would be the first victims of any thought of " Stage III”. And, in principle, they could, start adopting ‘Stage III’ policies by Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans and for their implementation it is necessary to put in place appropriate legislative, funding and governance arrangements, which need time.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Ajn1lwbkTiO-_jZtW95yQ4I8_xbGyL2H/view?usp=sharing